Clinical studies suggest that curcumin supplementation may beneficially modulate risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, TNF-α, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and HDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (El-Rakabawy et al., 2025). Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.