The effect of acute exercise on increasing BDNF levels in middle-aged and older adults with T2DM is unclear, though some studies indicate it may significantly enhance these levels (Brinkmann et al., 2017; Silveira-Rodrigues et al., 2023a), while others suggest no significant increase occurs (Goulet et al., 2023). Here, BDNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.