INS and Insulin resistance: The vagus nerve, a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, promoting insulin secretion and improving tissue insulin sensitivity by counteracting sympathetic overactivity and reducing systemic inflammation (Sorski and Gidron, 2023)—a major driver of insulin resistance and DPN, is both anatomically (Xiong et al., 2023) and functionally (Yu et al., 2020) down-impacted in T2DM patients with DPN.