GFAP and Alzheimer disease: In recent years, some blood biomarkers have been studied extensively, such as Aβ Tau protein, p-tau181Aβ Tau protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which may be used to predict the progression of AD (Palmqvist et al., 2020; Hansson et al., 2023; Rissman et al., 2024).