DDIT3 and melanoma: It has also been shown that 11-dehydrosinulariolide induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells by up-regulating PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP and ATF6/CHOP coupled with elevated ER stress chaperones GRP78, GRP94, calcium-linked protein, calreticulin, and PDI, which impede cystein-dependent mitochondrial function and ER stress pathway in human melanoma cells A2058 (Su et al., 2012).