BRAF and melanoma: It was estimated that 70% of melanomas contained mutations in the MAPK signaling pathway (Reddy et al., 2017; Cheng et al., 2018; Davis et al., 2019), and 50% of melanomas contained activated BRAF (mostly V600E) mutations (Scolyer et al., 2011), another 14%–20% of melanomas had NRAS mutations (Yakovian et al., 2021), and 2% had CKIT mutations (Kim and Kim, 2024), as shown in Figure 1.