CSF2 and neutropenia: While potentially curative for certain types of malignancies, chemotherapy also damages HSPCs and suppresses BM function leading to potentially fatal neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, infection, and bleeding.[21, 22] Erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and GM‐CSF or G‐CSF (granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor) have been used as protective agents in patients receiving chemotherapy, but with only limited efficacy.[23] Moreover, all three growth factors are lineage‐specific and hence unable to promote recovery of multiple hematopoietic cell types.