Therefore, the clinical relevance of SALL4 in cHCC-CCA likely reflects a subset of tumors characterized by YAP1 pathway activation, emphasizing the molecular heterogeneity of cHCC-CCA and the need to further dissect the YAP1–SALL4–BMI1 axis and its integration with other signaling networks in liver cancer. Here, BMI1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.