NFKB1 and infection: The time course of NF-κB and MAPK activation in ΔospI-infected cells revealed increased phosphorylation of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα), degradation of IκBα, and phosphorylation of JNK as early as 40 min after infection in ΔospI-infected cells relative to WT-infected cells, resulting in increasing inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production (Fig. EV2E,, F).