FMR1 and fragile X syndrome: To estimate the role of downregulated autophagic protein degradation in synaptic defects of FXS, we compared proteins increased in hippocampus of Fmr1 KO (Fmr1-/y) mice vs. WT mice with proteins increased in hippocampus of WT mice when autophagy was inhibited by a pharmacological inhibitor, Chloroquine (CQ) [71].