ALB and escherichia coli infection: While virulence factors or components of pathogens can induce astrocyte reaction by binding to TLRs, negative results from the extravasation of Evans blue and albumin indicated maintained vascular integrity, similar to what Iovino and colleagues observed in their research, suggesting that the astrocyte reaction was not directly caused by pathogenic components crossing the blood-brain barrier and entering the brain parenchyma in the early phase of meningitic E. coli infection [44,45].