Recent studies suggest that prior exposure to TNF antagonists might potentiate the effectiveness of JAK inhibitors.53,54 Including patients with prior TNF antagonist exposure in the analysis may modify the risk of disease-mediated adverse events, such as serious infections, MACEs, and VTE, in which high disease activity and ability to control the disease with effective therapies might modify the association between JAK inhibitors and TNF antagonists as discussed next. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.