To overcome these limitations, next-generation OVs are being actively developed with enhanced delivery systems (e.g. stem cells, nanoparticles, cell-based carriers) and are being combined with other immunotherapies, including ICIs (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, cancer vaccines, radiotherapy, and targeted inhibitors (12–14). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is cancer.