Multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, gender, albumin, and hemoglobin, revealed that serum copper levels were independently associated higher CKD stages, particularly in CKD 4 and 5 stage (OR (95%CI) = 1.021 (1.006, 1.037), p = 0.005; OR (95%CI) = 1.025 (1.010, 1.039), p < 0.001) (Table 5). The gene discussed is ALB; the disease is chronic kidney disease.