ALB and renal fibrosis: Multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, gender, albumin, and hemoglobin, revealed that higher serum copper levels (Quartile 4: > 96.16 μg/dl) were independently associated with higher renal fibrosis (OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.06–7.16, p < 0.001; Table 7).