AKT1 and Myocardial fibrosis: Compared to DC rats, the UTMD + Sem-PEG-lips group exhibited significantly higher BW and lower blood glucose levels. H&E and Masson staining showed substantial improvement in myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis in the combination treatment group. ELISA and western blot analysis further revealed significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activity and upregulation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway proteins in the combination-treated rats. These effects were reversed by PI3K inhibitor treatment.