Toillustrate this, a cohort study of 7192 patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS) found that individuals with a serum albumin level <3.5 g/dL at admissionhad significantly higher rates of both in-hospital death and heart failure [36].Moreover, a lower HALP score typically coexists with reduced hemoglobin levels(anemia), directly impairing oxygen transport and tissue perfusion. Here, ALB is linked to anemia (phenotype).