In addition, aging, presence offrailty, chronic kidney disease (CKD), atrial fibrillation (AF)/atrial flutter(AFL) and elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) wereidentified as significant 5-year all-cause mortality risk factors in patientswith CVD, whereas higher BMI, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), andhemoglobin (HB) served as protective factors. The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is atrial fibrillation.