ACLY and fetal growth restriction: Previous studies have shown that elevated levels of aβ2GP1, aCL, LA1/LA2, may lead to immune system abnormalities that affect placental blood flow and function, thereby increasing the risk of fetal growth restriction, recurrent miscarriage, placental abruption, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes (Ren et al., 2024; Reshetnyak et al., 2023).