MTOR and major depressive disorder: Zhanget al. [33] found that apigenin promoted autophagy via theAMPK/mTOR pathway in a CRS mouse model, alleviating depression.Silibinin, a key component of the silymarin complex extracted from the seeds ofmilk thistle (Silybum marianum) [34], upregulatesBDNF/TrkB pathway activity and restores autophagy balance inthe hippocampus, exerting antidepressant effects [35].Kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside, a primary component of Crocus sativus(saffron), interacts with AMPK to stimulate BDNF production andautophagy, achieving antidepressant effects [36].