In the study of schizophrenia, some patientsexhibit varying degrees of systemic inflammatory states, specifically evidencedby enhanced activation of microglia in the brain, increased levels ofpro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β),interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), aswell as increased expression of membrane-bound receptors for pro-inflammatorycytokines, such as interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), tumor necrosis factorreceptor 1 (TNFR1), and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and schizophrenia.