The plotted deconvolution results obtained from Cell2location showed high agreement with the CTA on the same breast cancer sections (Fig. 3b–i), which was further supported by the spatial expression of cell type markers (i.e., PTPRC for immune, FAP for stroma, and EPCAM for tumor) in the same tumor regions (Supplementary Fig. 3). Here, EPCAM is linked to breast carcinoma.