S100B and psychiatric disorder: Accordingly, elevated S100B levels have been described in various conditions such as acute brain injury, neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders, and even extracerebral inflammatory diseases.18 Nonetheless, evidence indicates that S100B is also expressed and released from cardiac glial cells within the intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system during AF ablation.19,20 Accordingly, S100B has been applied as a surrogate biomarker for neural injury in several clinical ablation studies.