TGFA and neoplasm: P.g. induces macrophage polarization into tumor-associated M2, upregulating gene expression of pro-tumoral molecules (suprabasin, IL-1R2, IL-18, and TGF-α) while suppressing multiple anti-tumor cytokines (TNF-β, IFN-β, TRAIL, and TNF-α) in Cal-27 cells.