The type of nutrients present, the rate of gastric emptying, insulin release, and incretin activity―particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)―all play critical roles.115,116 Notably, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) advises against relying solely on GI for managing T2DM, instead emphasizing the importance of total dietary carbohydrate content and available insulin.117 According to the ADA, these factors have a more profound impact on glycemic response than the type or source of carbohydrates. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.