IFNA1 and pulpitis: According to previous studies, the main inflammatory factors measured in the exudate of pulpitis and periapical inflammation in immature permanent teeth are ILs, TNF, interferon (IFN), and transforming GF (TGF) [61–64], which regulate the host immune response and form a complex regulatory network that affects root development in immature permanent teeth by activating or inhibiting osteoclasts.