ETS2 and inflammatory bowel disease: The influence of ETS2 extends to both the innate and adaptive immune responses.[26] In the innate immune system, ETS2 is involved in the activation and polarization of macrophages, particularly promoting the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype.[27] These macrophages produce high levels of cytokines that exacerbate tissue damage in IBD.[28] ETS2 also regulates dendritic cell maturation, affecting their ability to present antigens and activate T cells.