ETS2 and inflammatory bowel disease: Certain ETS2 variants may promote a pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype, leading to persistent immune activation and cytokine production.[9,19] This is particularly relevant in IBD, where dysregulated macrophage responses contribute to chronic inflammation and mucosal injury.[55] Additionally, ETS2 genetic variants may affect T cell differentiation, particularly the balance between Th1, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells, thereby shaping the overall immune landscape in IBD.[56]