TNF and infection: Previous studies summarized that the high expression of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and nuclear factor Kappa B are correlated with the mechanism of prostate carcinogenesis and exacerbation.[11,12] However, factors like IL-10 and IL-18 have been confirmed to cause apoptosis of PCa tumor cells and have protection on premalignant lesion.[13] The biological functions of inflammation in the pathogenesis and subsequent infection of PCa remain controversial.