This suggests that the observed antitumor effects are partially mediated by a reduction in chronic stress, in addition to direct cytotoxic effects on tumor cells.60 Furthermore, a recent study by Fan et al. demonstrated that A. muciniphila suppresses CRC progression by activating the TLR2/NLRP3 signaling pathway and promoting the M1-like polarization of tumor-associated macrophages.37 These findings suggest that, in addition to the effects mediated by OMV release, A. muciniphila modulates the tumor immune microenvironment to inhibit tumor growth. The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.