IL1B and HIV-1 infection: Pretreatment with exogenous dNs enhanced HIV-1 infection in MDMs to levels similar to that observed upon pre-treatment with Vpx-VLPs (S1C Fig) and resulted in robust secretion of IL-1β, (S1D Fig), suggesting that HIV-1 infection and viral icRNA expression alone in the absence of priming stimuli can activate inflammasomes in MDMs.