IFIT1 and endothelial dysfunction: Notably, venous endothelial cells also displayed upregulation of a panel of interferon-stimulated gene transcripts (XAF1, IFIT1, MX1, IFI44L, RSAD2) at 2 dpi (Fig 8J) and the downregulation of several transcripts coding for activation markers (CD69), MHC genes (HLA-DPB1, HLA-C) and major proteins regulating cellular metabolism and transcription (HSP90AA1, RPL13A), which was reflective of endothelial dysfunction and stress (Fig 8J) consistently with human patient reports and animal studies [42–45].