Notably, six AD-upregulated catabolic genes, including DBH (dopamine beta-hydroxylase), ADA (adenosine deaminase), FHIT (fragile histidine triad diadenosine triphosphatase), HSPA1B (heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B), and VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) were upregulated across multiple cell types in AD brain (Supplementary Figure 6).10 In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the 3xTg-AD brain upregulates EndoMT, cell death, and fibrosis pathways in brain and brain cells by enhancing the expressions of catabolic genes to a greater extent than downregulating them. Here, VIP is linked to Alzheimer disease.