GFAP, an intermediate filament, maintains astrocyte structural integrity, while UCH-L1 is a cellular enzyme essential for neuronal homeostasis.10,11 Together, GFAP and UCH-L1 have demonstrated strong diagnostic utility in differentiating individuals with concussions or mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) from healthy controls with 100% sensitivity and 67% specificity12–14 and in identifying patients with intracranial bleeding.15 Tau and NfL are key structural proteins within neuronal axons, contributing to microtubules and neurofilaments. This evidence concerns the gene UCHL1 and brain injury.