It also secretes multiple virulence factors such as superantigens, α- and δ-toxins, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which activate T cells to produce IL-4, IL-5, TSLP, and IL-31 (Chung et al., 2022); collectively promote IgE class switching and Th2 polarization (Gough et al., 2022); and contribute to heightened pruritus and inflammation in AD (Aziz et al., 2024). Here, IL31 is linked to Alzheimer disease.