TNF and brain ischemia: Notably, its neuroprotective properties have gained particular therapeutic significance, as evidenced by preclinical studies showing that baicalin significantly reduces levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) while inhibiting microglial overactivation in the model of cerebral ischemia (Yang S. et al., 2019; Wang H. et al., 2024; Li et al., 2025).