The presence of BRAF mutations in most benign nevi, however, suggests additional features such as the UPR may serve as an enabling characteristic for the development of melanoma toward metastasis, as three effector pathways of the UPR (ATF6, PERK, and IRE1) have demonstrated increased activity in metastatic cells in comparison to non-metastatic cells (Kong et al., 2022; Sykes et al., 2016). Here, ERN1 is linked to melanoma.