Conversely, detecting particular methylation patterns (e.g., a panel of hypermethylated genes such as CDKN2A or RASSF1A) in urine samples could enable non-invasive early detection of BC in the elderly, when tumors are still localized and treatable (Ibrahim et al., 2023; Lin et al., 2010). This evidence concerns the gene RASSF1 and breast cancer.