The mRNA expression of four AMD-associated markers—ICAM-1, APOE, HTRA1, and ABCA4—was analyzed by RT-qPCR (Yang et al., 2016; Vessey et al., 2022; Pan et al., 2023; Farnoodian et al., 2022). The gene discussed is ABCA4; the disease is age-related macular degeneration.