TNF and Alzheimer disease: In murine models, it was observed that AD-associated inflammatory markers were significantly modulated by apremilast (Schafer et al., 2019); the substantial proinflammatory cytokines involved in AD (TNF-α, IL-12, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-5, and IL-8) were downregulated while the production of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10) increased.