APEH and myeloid sarcoma: APEH is an enzyme that degrades bacterial and mitochondrial proteins by hydrolysis, generating acetylated peptides that can drive inflammation (38) and its activity may be inhibited under oxidative stress conditions (39) While the link between increased APEH expression and disease progression remains unclear, its dual roles in immune activation and redox balance, position APEH as a promising biomarker for both inflammation and oxidative damage in MS.