VHL and renal cell carcinoma: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for approximately 70%–80% of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases and is characterized by mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, leading to dysregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, enhanced angiogenesis, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) (1, 2).