Identified were recurrent genetic alterations (TTN, NOTCH1, MUC17, OBSCN, KMT2D, MUC12, AHNAK2, PCLO, HERC2, RYR2, MUC5B), tumor progression-related genes (RAMP2, PAPPA, HELZ2, PIEZO2, DNHD1, NBEA), repair and stability regulation genes (ANKRD11, DNAH14, DNAH7, FSIP2, FLG, FLG2, PLEC), microenvironment regulation and matrix remodeling genes (CUBN, LAMA5, COL11A1), and metabolism and mitochondrial function-associated genes (NDUFS3, DNHD1, FSIP2). The gene discussed is PAPPA; the disease is neoplasm.