In particular, the TGF-β/SMAD (Wang et al., 2021; Wu N. et al., 2021), the Wnt/β-catenin (Bian et al., 2020), the NF-κB (Jurjus et al., 2016; Kapoor and Padwad, 2023) and the NOTCH (Walter et al., 2020) pathways modulate the CRC microenvironment through cytokines, growth factors, and the reorganization of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Here, NFKB1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.