LNPs delivering siRNA against IDO1 (Endo et al., 2019), or liposomes delivering IDO1 inhibitors (Mei et al., 2020), combined with glycolytic inhibitors such as LDHA or PDK1 inhibitors (Cheng et al., 2024; Lucero-Acuña et al., 2014) may synergistically disrupt tumor metabolic plasticity while reducing immune suppression. The gene discussed is PDK1; the disease is neoplasm.