IDO1 and neoplasm: Liposomes, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymeric nanoparticles, and exosome-based drug carriers have shown potential in tumor-targeted delivery of glycolysis inhibitors (Lactate Dehydrogenase A or LDHA, PDK1) (Wang et al., 2020), glutaminolysis inhibitors (Glutaminase or GLS) (Wang Q. et al., 2024), macropinocytosis inhibitors, and IDO1 blockade agents (Jiang et al., 2024).