To address these gaps, based on the proposed hypothesis (exercise interventions, particularly those combining resistance and aerobic training, will effectively elevate serum IGF-1 levels in older adults specifically diagnosed with frailty and/or sarcopenia), this study employs meta-analysis to quantitatively synthesize existing RCT evidence on the effects of exercise interventions on serum IGF-1 levels in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia. Here, IGF1 is linked to sarcopenia.