SOD1 and obesity disorder: Increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the testes of mice with diet-induced obesity (13, 32), was observed in the HFD group in this study (an indication of high oxidative stress in the testes of mice with obesity), the 4-HIL treatment group showed a significant reduction in MDA levels and optimally restored SOD levels in the testes, indicating an antioxidative effect of 4-HIL.