CA3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Yildirim et al. (2017) reported that TGF-β cytokine increased CAIX expression in Hep-3B cells under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia-induced proteins are important targets for anticancer therapy. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the TGF-β-mediated upregulation of CAIX in hepatoma cells allows new treatment strategies to be developed for hepatocellular carcinoma (Yildirim et al., 2017). Okuyan et al., (2020) found that when hypoxic conditions were mimicked in a prostate cancer cell line, CAIII expression increased at the mRNA and protein level.