Infection of PNEs with RV-A16 at MOI 0.01 or MOI 1 for 24 h resulted in the upregulation (> twofold) of 6 cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1α, IFN-γ, I-309, TNF-α and IL-11) (Fig. 4a). Here, IL1A is linked to infection.