INS and ulcer disease: Logistic regression was used, adjusting for NSAID exposure characteristics (use status, dose, duration, multiple use, specific agents, route), demographic factors (age, sex, calendar year), ulcer history, comorbidities co‐medications (aspirin, corticosteroids, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, acid suppressants), and morbidity markers (e.g., digoxin, β‐agonists, insulin).”