To determine the role of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in CD-associated fibrosis, Gsdmd-/- mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were rectally injected with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce the chronic CD model according to the methods shown in Figure 3A. Here, GSDMD is linked to Cowden disease.