A study by Genova et al confirmed elevated proinsulin levels at 24–28 weeks in 53 women with GDM and 49 women without GDM27 while Swinn et al also found elevated levels of proinsulin in those who had GDM and also found it was strongly associated with subsequent GDM development although these measurements in these studies were carried out at 28 to 32 weeks’ gestation.28 The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.