This suggests that RhoA activity in cardiomyocytes needs to be finely tuned, as supported by the literature pointing to both benefits and detrimental effects of RhoA in cardiovascular health and disease (30): RhoA is up-regulated in early heart development (28), but RhoA overexpression in the adult heart results in dilated cardiomyopathy (albeit only at high, not at moderate, overexpression) (29, 60). This evidence concerns the gene RHOA and dilated cardiomyopathy.